Ifrs Adoption Affects Taxes, The Mergence Or Adoption Of...

IFRS Adoption Affects Taxes The mergence or adoption of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in the United States will affect the taxes a company will pay due to the differences in IFRS and U. S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). One major hurdle to this happening is to get the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) to agree on exactly how this will happen. For most U.S. companies, a major concern is how this adoption of IFRS will ultimately affect the way they do business, how it changes reporting, and how it will affect the company financially. A real concern is changing from a rules-based standard (GAAP) into a principles-based standard (IFRS) used throughout the rest of the world. From a tax perspective, the focus of this research is to show how some of the required changes in Last In First Out (LIFO), inventory evaluation (LCM), and revenue recognition be changed using IFRS. Last in first out The use of LIFO as an inventory management system is recognized as one of three management systems and has been accepted by GAAP. However, IFRS does not recognized LIFO as an acceptable management system. Many advocates of LIFO argue that it provides an accurate revenue match with expenses since sales reveal the most recent selling prices, then the cost of goods sold should also reflect the most recent inventory purchasing costs. However, the ending inventory balances shown on the

The Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War - 1378 Words

The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in 1963 in a setting that was the high point of tension in the Cold War. The most significant background cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the underlying cold war ideology of capitalism vs communism. This was dramatically increased by the second key cause, a series of events that quickly built tensions between the super powers from 1959 such as the U2 incident, JFK’s response to the Berlin Wall, and the Bay of Pigs incident. The third cause was the relationship between the leaders Khrushchev and Kennedy. It can be argued that the short-term consequences of the Crisis were concentrated geographically on the people of the United States, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during and immediately after the event.†¦show more content†¦They divided it into 4 sections, one each for France, the UK, the USA and Russia. Berlin the capital of Germany and most important city was in the Russian sector, however all 4 countries wanted it, and so Berlin w as split up in the same manner as the rest of Germany. Russia was given the largest sector because they had suffered the most during the war. It was also at Yalta that Russia declared war on Japan and the idea of a United Nation Organisation to help keep world peace was first introduced. Another example of the first cause of the Cuban Missile Crisis was the Iron Curtain. The Iron Curtain was the border between the East and West and acted as a buffer zone for Russia, protecting her against attack from the West. Churchill first coined the phrase in March 1946 when he was speaking at Fulton, Missouri. â€Å"From†¦the Baltic to†¦the Adriatic, and Iron Curtain has descended across the continent†. Churchill believed that Russia was attempting world domination by slowly expanding her borders. That Stalin was going to destroy democracy by spreading Communism, a communist government had already been set up in Poland. These actions were seen as a sign of aggression by the Wes t, further creating a gap between the East and the West. A further example of the difference between the East and West ideologies was the Berlin Blockade. The Blockade began on June 24th 1948 when Russia closed all the roads, canals and railways from Berlin to West Germany afterShow MoreRelatedThe Cuban Missile Crisis During The Cold War1612 Words   |  7 PagesDuring 1939-1945, the United States and Soviet Union were involved in the Cold War. When Cuba accepted communism, the United States tried to drive out Cuba’s leader, Castro, during the Bay of Pigs, but it failed (Kauffman). The U.S. were concerned even more when they discovered Soviet Missiles in Cuba. Kennedy had established a quarantine to try and stop weapons coming to Cuba, but it was still a mystery when it came to what Kennedy’s response would be. Many Americans were in favor of using militaryRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Big Event During The Cold War897 Words   |  4 PagesThe Cuban missile crisis was a big event during the â€Å"Cold War† that almost brought the world into a nuclear catastrophe. In this event the Soviet Union deployed around 100 tactical nuclear weapons to Cuba aiming to land in U.S. territory. The possibilities of a nuclear war was predicted by the president of the United States John F. Kennedy to be around a 33% chances of actually happening. The local Soviet commander in Cuba could have launched these weapons that were sent without additional codesRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Was A Harsh Time During The Cold War1602 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis was a harsh time during the Cold War. About 50 years ago the USA and the USSR were at each others throat for a very pointless reason. This basically started because USSR planted nuclear bombs in Cuba which was pretty close to Florida. John F. Kennedy was the president at this time and he was not to fond of that idea. October 1962, JFK was warned that the USSR had the nuclear wea pons set up in Cuba ready to attack and as a result of this situation, Kennedy then also placedRead MoreThe Significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesspeaking about the Cuban Missile Crisis, President Kennedy said, It is insane that two men, sitting on opposite sides of the world, should be able to decide to bring an end to civilization† (â€Å"Nuclear Test Ban Treaty† 1). the Cuban Missile Crisis was a time where these two men, Kennedy and Khrushchev, had the power in their hands to end civilization. In order to understand the importance of the Cuban Missile Crisis one must understand, the Cold war drama; the dangerous crisis; and its importanceRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis : Nature Of The Cold War1092 Words   |  5 PagesCOLD WAR ASSIGNMENT (Cuban missile crisis) Nature of the Cold war The cold war was a clash between two superpowers with competing ideologies, or sets of ideas. Although they had been allies against the common enemies of Germany and japan during World War 2, both sides distrusted each other. After the war this distrust evolved into a long term hostility. This era was called the ‘Cold war’ because the two superpowers never directly assaulted each other. This war was very political as it was foughtRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis : The Cold War1323 Words   |  6 PagesWars have been going on since the beginning of time, whether it is fighting for your religions, fighting for land, and fighting for your rights and freedoms. Some wars cause dramatic amounts of deaths, but the Cold War resulted in none. The reason there were no deaths is due to the fact that the Cold War was just that, cold. The conflicts never heated up enough per say to cause a real war. Though the Cold war itself wasn’t a war fought in battle, there were parts c aused by it such as the Korean WarRead MoreThe War Of The Cold War1052 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War was a result of what happened at the end of World War 2. At the end of World War 2, the Soviets held a grudge against the U.S for their delayed entrance in the World War resulting in deaths of thousands of Russians resulting in the appearance of the Cold War .The Cuban Missile Crisis was a significant flashpoint in the Cold War because it was the moment two superpowers came closest to nuclear conflict. This crisis, while posing the very real threat of global annihilation, also led toRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis And The Soviet Union1062 Words   |  5 Pages During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the United States took a bold stand against the Soviet Union, Communism, and the installation of nuclear arms in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred between October 14 and October 28, 1962 (â€Å"Cuban Missile C risis Timeline†). During the Cold War Era, tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union were already high because of the way that World War II ended. The Soviet Union’s decisionRead MoreCuban Missile Crisis : A Ten Day Confrontation Between The United States And The Soviet Union 878 Words   |  4 Pages Will Fain Mr. Shea English 2 Honors 25 January 2016 Cuban Missile Crisis Essay The Cuban Missile Crisis was a thirteen day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in October of 1962. The stand off was over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba. The Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the Cold War ever came to a full out nuclear war. The event was broadcasted on television for the world to see causing a global panic, especially in America. John F. Kennedy announced thatRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis as a Turning Point in USA and USSR Essays1009 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cuban Missile Crisis as a Turning Point in USA and USSR The Cuban Missile Crisis was indeed a turning point in USA and Soviet relations during the Cold War. The event stands in history as one that nearly brought humanity to the brink of destruction and is known as perhaps the single greatest political battle between the two superpowers, the world has ever seen. It also started a dà ©tente that which instigated an end to the arms race between the two nations. Following

Sociological Theories Free Essays

Chapter one there are three different types of sociological theories. The three types are functionalist theory, conflict theory, and symbolic theory. We will cover and talk about the differences. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now First is the functionalist theory. The functionalist theory is when the people who live in the area are all part of a bigger plan. Everyone there is an equal no one has more than anyone else. When I think about functionalist I think of farm. As in like the whole community works on the farm like someone feed and mike cows and someone male food the cows eat so and and so forth. August Comte and Herbert Spencer viewed society as a kind of living organism. When all the people are working together is called normal and when there not it’s abnormal The conflict theory provides a third perspective on social life. Unlike the functionalists, who view society as harmonious whole, with its parts working together, conflict theorists talk about society being composed of groups that are competing with one another for scarce resources. Karl Marx is the founder of this theory. This is like slavery to me because slaves worked for a higher power for very little are no pay at all. Soon people get mad and rise up to the greater power and demand a change. The last one is symbolic theory witch is when people develop and share their views of the world, and focus on micro level. This is like used when people back in the day didn’t read and right. The easy way to talk to people is with pictures. They are easy to understand than writing. There are many differences between these things. For one they were all made up in different area of times, and locations in the world. All the theories are made but by different people, and they had their way of thinking of it. They all apply for different part of life, but very close. One thing they do haven common is that they all related to groups of people. Is takes a group of people to make it work. All these theories have happened in some part of the world. Not only have they happen they still happen in today society. Finally in collection there is nothing new under the sun, and the same things they are talking about there are happing now. And all these theories can be facts. How to cite Sociological Theories, Essay examples Sociological Theories Free Essays Sociological Theories A sociological theory is a set of ideas that provides an explanation for human society. Theories are selective in terms of their priorities and perspectives and the data they define as significant. As a result they provide a particular and partial view of reality. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sociological theories can be grouped together according to a variety of criteria. The most important of these is the distinction between Structural and Social action theories. Structural, or macro perspectives analyses the way society as a whole fits together. Structural theory sees society as a system of relationships that creates the structure of the society in which we live. It is this structure that determines our lives and characters. Structured sets of social relationships are the ‘reality’ that lie below the appearance of ‘the free individual’ of western individualism. Structuralism focuses on the particular set of ‘structural laws’ that apply in any one society. Despite their differences, both functionalism and Marxism use a model of how society as a whole works. Many functionalists base their model of society around the assumption of basic needs and go to explain how different parts of society help to meet those needs. Marxists, on the other hand, see society as resting upon an economic base or infrastructure, with a superstructure above it. They see society as divided into social classes which have the potential to be in conflict with each other. However, the main differences between functionalist and Marxist perspectives then, is the way they characterize the social structure. Functionalists stress the extent to which the different elements of the social structure fit together harmoniously. Marxists stress the lack of fit between the different parts, particularly social classes, and so emphasize the potential for social conflict. Not all sociological perspectives base their analysis upon an examination of the structure of society as a whole. Rather than seeing human behaviour as being largely determined by society, they see society as being the product of human activity. They stress the meaningfulness of human behaviour, denying that it is primarily determined by the structure of society. These approaches are known as social action theory, interpretive sociology or micro sociology. Max Weber was the first sociologist to advocate a social action approach. Symbolic interactionists try to explain human behaviour and human society by examining the ways in which people interpret the actions of others, develop a self-concept or self-image, and act in terms of meanings. Ethnomethodology moves even further from a structural approach by denying the existence of a social structure as such. They see the social world as consisting of the definitions and categorizations of members of society. The job of the sociologist, in their view, is to interpret, describe and understand the subjective reality. Marxism is an economic and socio-political worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and a critique of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid-19th century by two German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism encompasses Marxian economic theory, a sociological theory and a revolutionary view of social change that has greatly influenced socialist political movements worldwide. Courtesy of Lee Bryant, Director of Sixth Form, Anglo-European School, Ingatestone, Essex 3 Related Pages Theories in Sociology Key beliefs of functionalism Feminism Social Action Theory The Labelling Theory Michel Foucault Women and Crime Why do people commit crime? Crime and Globalisation Feminism and Crime How to cite Sociological Theories, Essay examples Sociological Theories Free Essays This theory has caught the attention of the nation, and the federal government has taken steps to roved assistance in lower income and poverty stricken areas. One of the main programs that have been implemented into these lower income areas are Yam’s. The goal behind the YMCA is to bring sports, and other activities into the lower income areas and keep juveniles busy within the YMCA and keeping these kids off the streets and out of trouble. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociological Theories or any similar topic only for you Order Now The second theory is the Social Process Theory. The Social Process Theory is based upon the belief that colonization is key in determining ones behavior. If colonization is absent or portrayed in a negative manner, it can cause venires to act out in feel alienated from normal social behaviors. Children who feel isolated from their peers and do not have a loving environment at home are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior. These children often turn to drugs or alcohol as an answer. An example of both state and federal funded program that assists with the Social Process Theory is the D. A. R. E Program. The D. A. R. E program is designed to prevent kids from using drugs, engaging in violent and criminal acts and encourages them to engage n normal social behaviors with other kids their age. The third theory is the Social Conflict Theory. The Social Conflict Theory is a belief that our entire society is in a constant state of internal conflict, with various groups trying to impose their belief on others. The Social Conflict Theory suggests that those of wealth and power help define laws to meet their specific needs while ignoring the needs of the rest of society. It is believed that adolescents that do not fit into the needs of the powerful members of society are labeled criminal delinquents. Those that suffer the most from social conflict are people of color or those living in poverty stricken areas. An example of a program that targets the youth suffering from the social conflict program is Promising Practices Network. The Promising Practices Network is a school based violence prevention program that serves over 400 public schools in poverty stricken areas. This program is designed to fight prejudice, stereotypes and other types of violence. As shown here these three sociological theories are vital ways to view the issues related to juvenile delinquency. The programs related to each of these theories are extremely beneficial to lowering crime rates among juveniles. I truly hope that we continue to fund these wonderful programs, as it benefits the future of America. How to cite Sociological Theories, Papers

Discussion on Health Studies

Questions: 1. Outline the main propositions of a range of moral theories, e.g. consquentialism, utilitarianism, deontology and postmodern ethics.2. Apply theories of moral philosophy to provision of health care.3. Evaluate examples of medical issues which promote controversial debate, e.g. organ transplant, euthanasia, informed consent.4. Identify the key moral principles underpinning decision making in medical practice. Answers: Ethics is a code of conduct which consists of a certain code of values which are framed by the management of an organization and are managed by our own choices and actions which can determine the purpose and course of action (Ayn Rand, 1982). In short ethics is a total way in which one can treat their life. Ethics are certain and they are required in every dimension of life and they are used as critical principles in every organization as they frame a code of conduct based on these ethical principles. In this article we would discuss about various ethical issues specific to the health industry and the ways in which one can solve them. 1. Main propositions We would also analyze its applications across the disorder and settings in a chosen population. There would be different aspects which we would focus on like the research questions which we would focus on in terms of chronic pain and the nurses involved in curing the pain. There are a lot of health issues which people face and chronic pain is a border line personality disorder which patients face. We would choose theories like Utilitarianism which is related to normative ethics and by considering various Ethnographic studies. The measurement of the pain relief and the methods in which the pain could be alleviated would also be included in the discussion and most of the times such pain relief treatments would involve Behaviour Therapy. Mrs Susy is a 55-year-old Aboriginal woman who has been admitted to a tertiary hospital in Victoria for management of chronic pain that is the result of a long history of leg ulcers. Mrs Morgan lives in a remote community in the far north of Western Australia. Prior to hospitalization, Mrs Susy had been treated by the Royal Flying Doctor Service, which had a scheduled monthly service to her community. On admission Mrs Susy reported the difficulties of daily living with chronic pain. She spoke of many members of her community who have similar problems, especially chronic pain as a consequence of long-term illness. She also reported that there is little assistance provided by her local community or by the government in attempting to stem the increase in the number of individuals who are developing long-term illness. Dealing with such issues of people in their community is the main issue based on which we would conduct a research methodology. This can be conducted by implementing research based on surveys which are conducted, evidence based research and cases which have been solved in the hospitals or by nurses. Research Methodologies There could be different approaches which people would base their research on like the nature of the society, the nature of the disease type based on which the research would be conducted, people involved in various stages of treating the patient and the type of approach which could be implemented in the process. There are various discussions on the kinds of methods to be chosen for conducting a research and the various approaches which are implemented are Action Research Case Studies of previous cases which can include various types of issues Ethnographic studies Most of the field case studies conducted previously Focus groups or discussions to provide a great relief from unethical incidents in the hospitals Research methodologies which can be implemented to avoid pain and unethical issues Any activities which could be included as a part of research All these models of researches adapt the 2 kinds of kinds of approaches which we have discussed earlier like the subjective and objective kinds of approaches where they have the scopes of reflecting all the aspects which they would consider and they have their own interpretations and they have their own advantages where they could be implemented in various cases. The most critical method which has been adapted is the qualitative method which involves a lot of case studies which would give a lot of results in a process as it is an interactive approach. This approach by Maxwell can be chosen because it allows us to consider the case studies and facts which are related to the case to get an understanding about it. 2. Theories of Moral Philosophy Ethnographic studies Ethnographic studies are a study which is conducted by a close research by reading and interpretation. Any study which is conducted is generally based on the way an activity is conducted which could be in a group or between various people through various ways of communication. This method can be considered in this case as it involves a group of aboriginal women and analysis of their cases as such cases where innocent people are involved there could be cases of ethical issues which could arise. These theories help in organizational ethics, to promote imperative and good will. Non consequentialism and moral rights which are related to obligations, ideas and effects. 3. Examples of Medical issues and Cases The basis for all this research is experiences of these patients who have chronic pain issues and especially the cases of the aboriginal women in this context who find it difficult to share their experiences with others or with nurses. Some of the people who have experienced pain like Mrs Susy said that they live with such incidents which cause the pain and no one would understand the levels of pain which they go through and this is also related to the emotional pain other than the ulcers which cause them the pain related to their medical issue (Muris, M, 2012). 4. Key moral principles Evidence based medicine has been formed by Sackett in 1996 (Sackett, 1996). This is an evidence based practice as the policies were implemented by health and social care. This research method includes the information collection and communication which is used to communicate with the patients to help them solve their issues. This helps the medical practitioners to get access to the information related to the patients (Verheul, R., Van Den Bosch, L.M., Koeter, M.W. , 2003). The aim of the Evidence based research and all the other research methodologies which are used to find solutions to such issues focus on implementing all their previous events to future practice. The evidence based medicine could be used with their customers, practitioners based on their service and evidence. This process can be conducted in various stages like Asking practice based questions and asking questions in a way they get an answer Search and access the potential evidence Evaluate the evidence which they get and decide on the factors they get Choose the suitable methods which they get to the relevant cases (Sackett 2000). All these aspects would involve different set of skills and competencies which are taught specially in the nursing schools in order to help the treating nurses communicate effectively with the patients and provide them the required care and attention. They would have to be effective in their treatment when they communicate with the women to provide them the care they require like cases of Mrs Susy. The research questions which we have focussed on relate to cases of chronic pain, ways of solving such issues and also referring to the cases of the aboriginal women who suffer with some other issues apart from chronic pain can be solved with the use of the questions we have discussed earlier by implementing the knowledge and cases which have been dealt with the nurses earlier. Concept Map Therapies Behaviour Therapy is a cognitive behavioural treatment which was originally developed by Marsha M Linehan as a treatment of chronically ill patients. This was first used for the suicidal women who were diagnosed with the border line personality disorder. These patients are in the group of 14 20% of the in patients of a hospital who are admitted for some kind of long standing illness. These patients consume 40% of the medical resources in a hospital. This is a disorder which most of the people suffer and they need some treatment interventions which are used for various customers by therapists with a common understanding of the issue. This therapy is helpful for this case where these women were also dealing with issues related to emotional pain (Linehan M.M., Tutek D.A., Heard H.L., 1994). An ethical practice is important to be implemented in this case and this has the basis for a lot of decisions to be made and they are for the patients, families, nurses and people who are a support in the hospitals for caring for such patients Border line personality disorder is a condition which is a personality disorder which is increased with various emotions of a person which are also influenced by some symptoms which are also called as psychotic symptoms. The individuals who suffer with such conditions are influenced by various intense emotions which are influenced by the central nervous system. This can be the following medical condition which might occur in people who would have to deal with various issues like the aboriginal people where they might not be able to share any of their instances. There could be ethical issues where the nurses who are involved in the treatment might not render great service with utmost required care and sometimes there could be issues where the doctors are not timely informed about the patients issues. The limitations of these research methods is that they dont have a method in which they can analyze the situations of the patients after the surveys and the ways where they could conduct training for such patients to communicate with others where this could help them get relieved of their pain. These disorders cause a great pain to the patients and they are generally down and they begin to exhibit an averse behavior which can force them to isolate themselves to be mentally apart from the pain and their current situations. This has been implemented in a way where the knowledge of self - injury and the ways to cope are used to predict the effects of such disorders on people. The analysis was conducted with the knowledge of this relationship between various factors to possibly cope up with such strategies to solve the personality disorders of such patients. The research was conducted based on surveys which were done on some individuals however the experiences of such patients in a descriptive way would have provided a much more clearer understanding of the disorder and this would have resulted in providing a research analysis to all the non medical people to evaluate such measures and solve the issues of the people to an extent which would be possible to them as human relations and maintaining a perfect coordination between all types of people would help solve a lot of psychological disorders (Muris, 2012). Conclusion We have seen the various aspects which can trigger personality disorder in people and the aspects which might enhance the feelings of isolation in people which might also result in ethical issues to be raised by the patients. We have also discussed that the individuals who suffer with such conditions are influenced by various intense emotions which are influenced by the central nervous system. These people can get trained and can be spoken to which can motivate them to start communicating with others and the nurses. These nurses can in turn help the patients in overcoming their pain and help them lead a happy life. References Muris, M. (2012). Reduction of Self-injury and Improvement of Coping Behaviour during Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) of Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder: International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. Pgs 21 34 Linehan M.M., Tutek D.A., Heard H.L. (1994). Interpersonal Outcome of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for chronically suicidal Borderline patients American Journal of Psychiatry 151,1771-1776 Linehan M.M. (1998). An Illustration of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Journal of Personality Disorders 10(2), 153-163 Mental Health Centre of Greater Manchester, New Hampshire (1998) Integrating Dialectical Behavioral Therapy into a Community Mental Health Program. Psychiatric Service 49 (10), 1338-1340. Verheul, R., Van Den Bosch, L.M., Koeter, M.W. (2003). Dialectical Behavior Therapy for women with Borderline Personality Disorder: 12 month randomised trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182, 135-140. Jirojwong, S., Johnson, M. Welch, A . (Eds), 2011. Research methods in nursing and midwifery. Pathways to evidence-based practice. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.

Crucible And John Proctor Essays - The Crucible, Abigail Williams

Crucible And John Proctor John Proctor is a character from the Crucible, a play by Arthur Miller, Throughout the play he changes from being a troubled, self-exiled, sinner to becoming a person of high moral standards. The characters in this play are simple, common people that live in the town of Salem in the year 1692. There is a rumor of witchcraft floating about in the town that has led to accusations about many of the townsfolk. The accused are charged and convicted of a crime that is impossible to prove (witchcraft). The reasons the villains select the people they do for condemnation are both simple and clear because all of the accusers have ulterior motives, such as revenge, greed, and covering up their own behavior. The three major points I will be talking about in my essay about are as follows: 1 His entrance into the play where he is talking alone to Abigail and trying to convince himself that he is not an adulterer and that they did not have an affair. 2 when John is reciting the Ten Commandments. 3 where John tells Elizabeth that he are going to confess. In the beginning of the play John Proctor is introduced as a farmer in his mid thirties, that is not a partisan of the town, and shows a very strong sense of self-preservation. The first real conversation he has with another character is with Abigail Williams, where Abigail is trying to make John tell her that loves her, and that he will come again for her. John tells Abby that their affair is over with and Abby begins to plead for John's love and he says "Abby I may think softly of you from time to time. But I'll cut off my hand before I'll ever reach for you again. Wipe it out of mind. We never touched, Abby." John knows that he really did have an affair with Abby, but the fact that he denied it shows how in the beginning of the story, he was a man only concerned with only his own self preservation. Despite his adulterous behavior John Procter is a man that often serves as the only voice of reason during the play. In act two, in the scene where Reverend Hale asked John to recite the Ten Commandments, and John recited all except for adultery. This scene shows that John isn't just pretending he didn't commit a sin, but that in his mind the sin of adultery doesn't exist by itself, it had to be triggered by Elizabeth telling John that he forgot, adultery as one of the commandments. It is from this point on that John Proctor seems more willing to accept the consequences of his behavior. "I will fall like an ocean on that court! Fear nothing Elizabeth." Now John has a purpose for direct involvement in the trials, it is the fact that Elizabeth has now been accused of witchcraft. Since John knows she is innocent his statement above shows his will to make sure his wife's image or life isn't destroyed by the false accusations of Abigail. "A man will not cast away his good name. You surely know that." This quote shows how in the middle of the story John fells that his name is the only true thing a man has. This quote comes from the courthouse scene where John tells the judge that the girls danced naked in the woods. After Abigail's dramatic reaction, John tells the court that he had an affair with Abby, and that she is a whore not to be trusted. At this point John asks that the court see it is only Abigail's vengeance that Elizabeth is guilty of. In the final act John Proctor decides to confess to the crime. "I have been thinking I would confess to them, Elizabeth. What say you? If I give them that? It is at this point that John realizes that his name is no longer as important as he once thought. "...let them that never lied keep their souls. It is pretense for me, a vanity that will not blind God nor Keep my children out of the wind..." But the good name of honest people like Rebecca Nurse still has a profound importance, and John feels that importance. Now John has a burning desire to live and is ready to confess, but just as he signs the confession he snatches it up and rips it in half, because he doesn't want his name to

My Feelings on Racial Relationships †English Essay

My Feelings on Racial Relationships – English Essay Free Online Research Papers Each person should have someone special in their life to share the moments of pure jopy and the moments of pain. If that person so happens to be of another race, so be it.. Never should nationaility, creed, or race effect how a person is viewed by the public. Most people who are in interracial relationships are often scrutinized and judged harsher than their counterparts who are in a relationship with someone of the same race. It is still typical for a person to look at an interracial couple a being of a lesser love because of two different race intertwining to form one whole. You should never be judged for who you love or who you fall for albeit if they are black, white, indian, puerto rican or any other nationality. Many times we see interracial couples and think nothing of it. We see they are happy and we keep moving on with our lives. Rarely do we stand and think about the harsh punishment that the couple has had to endure and withstand just to be with the person they love. You may see a happy couple but someone else may see a couple who is doing wrong and has to be ridiculed. Many times people are publicly embarassed or has to endure their friends and family whispering each time they bring their mate around. This is typical in the south where some racial hatred has yet to die down. Interracial couples are poked fun at while having much of their happiness taken away by those who wish the reltionship would end. Research Papers on My Feelings on Racial Relationships - English EssayCapital PunishmentHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraWhere Wild and West MeetThree Concepts of PsychodynamicComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtThe Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnThe Masque of the Red Death Room meanings

The origins and objectives of the Taliban's domestic policies while in Essay

The origins and objectives of the Taliban's domestic policies while in power in Afghanistan - Essay Example It can sometimes be understood to mean objections to western ideas, coupled with anti-American sentiments. A history of the Taliban in Afghanistan shall first be presented, along with a discussion of their rise to power in Afghanistan. Taliban’s ideologies on anti-modernism shall also be discussed, including the origins and objectives of these domestic policies in Afghanistan. Details on its anti-modernist goals and activities shall also be detailed in this discussion. The Taliban is an Islamic extremist group which took over Afghanistan’s government in 1996 until they were driven out by American forces in 2001 (Marsden, 2002, p. 124). This group has been considered a safe haven to the al-Qaeda terrorist group, assisting leader Osama bin Laden in his terrorist activities. This group has also set forth a rigid stance on Islamic Law while executing criminals and outlawing the education of women (Nolan, 2006, p. 19). The group has been out of Afghanistan for many years now, however it is still considered an influential group in Afghanistan, implementing policies which seek to undermine the US-supported government. Pakistan’s support for the group has limited the international efforts towards controlling these insurgents and ending their activities in Afghanistan (Nolan, 2006, p. 19). The US will eventually fully withdraw from the country by 2014 and since 2010, the US and Afghani government officials have been carrying out discussions o n conflict settlement. However, these talks have not sufficiently settled the Taliban issue in Afghanistan. The Afghan Mujahideen were associated with a group of tribal fighters whose only purpose or goal was to eliminate the Soviets, not so much to establish insurgent activities. The Mujahideen is considered a group of Afghans fighting against the PDPA and the Soviet troops; this group believed that they were involved in a holy war or a

Legal feminist theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Legal feminist theory - Essay Example It follows, therefore, that the key issue identified and addressed by feminists can be viewed broadly as the bill of rights for women. This paper is in support of legal feminist theory and will offer reasons for the choice. The women’s suffrage may have had voting rights as its driving ambition, but in the contemporary world women need more liberties, albeit simply by virtue of being female. The feminist viewpoint of law identifies how patriarchy invasively influences legal structures, demonstrating how the material condition of women is adversely affected. For example, the landmark ruling in Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113, 93 S. Ct. 705, 35 L. Ed. 2d 147 (1973), showed that women reserve the right of abortion as a basic constitutional right (Levit & Verchick 89). Essentially, the ruling supported that reproductive rights should be borne by women, even though with certain limitations. This is in direct support of legal feminist theory because it promotes interdisciplinary examinations into how practices, policies and expectations relating to gender are influenced by the interaction of culture and law. It operates from the liberal legal prototype and focuses on an approach to law based on rights to en sure that women also enjoy genuine equality (Sunder 93). Legal feminist theory develops reforms designed to correct gender restriction, exploitation and injustice (Sunder 104). Therefore, through the perspective of feminist epistemology, political theory and relational metaphysics, legal feminist theory applies insights into feminist philosophy which help in understanding and changing the way overriding masculinist standards are enforced by legal institutions (Threedy 745). For instance, one would easily answer in the negative when asked whether judges can and should be allowed to be feminists, simply because judges are expected to do their job and not be activists who promote personal political agendas. However, judges

Middterm essY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Middterm essY - Essay Example With regards to the exemplification of the first economic principle, consumer choice, this can relatively be defined in terms of the fact that the consumer continually wants more than he/she can provide. In essence, a desire exist within the current market for French fries; even though it is true that this food is very harmful to the health and weight of the individual in question. Yet as a clear and evident outgrowth of the fact that consumer demands know no bounds, the article references the fact that a clear and unmet demand exists for â€Å"low fat† French fries; something that none of the main fast food chains have moved towards supplying to the market. In this way, the article goes on to explain how Burger King seeks to lead the market by providing what consumers have been demanding. It is likely to assume that the move by Burger King to fill this shortage in supply of a commodity that consumers have actively been seeking will provide a level of profitability that other firms operating within the same markets have not had the presence of mind to fulfill (O’Connor 1). An additional economic principle that is referenced within the article in question is with regards to the fact that the consequences of consumer choice of live in the future. Whereas it is unfair to state that this economic principle has not been appreciated within the past, it can necessarily be seen could be more relevant with regards to the current situation and the way in which consumers are unequivocally more concerned with regards to the health and safety of the food products that they consume. Recent levels of environmentalism and the focus upon organic foods has led consumers to demand high-quality with regards to products they regularly integrate with. Likewise, seeking to tie this back in with the economic principle of the consequences lying in the future, the reader can easily discern the fact that continuing to assume French fries that are high in fat ultimately has a detrimental impact with regards to the future health and longevity of the individual in question. Within such a way, Burger King has leverage this understanding and seeks to utilize this level of forethought and planning as a means of selling an entirely new product; likely at a slightly higher rate than be alternatively less healthful traditional fries. Although the examples that have thus far been pointed out may seem as somewhat trite, the fact of the matter is that firms such as Burger King are intimately aware of the decision making structure and impetus that encourages the consumer to integrate with their product. In this way, seeking to understand these environmental factors and the recent push towards engaging anymore healthful lifestyle, firms are ultimately faced with two decisions. They can either continue to offer the product that they have offered in the past, to a great deal of commercial success, or they

Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis

Methods of Correlation and Regression Analysis CHAPTER-14: INTRODUCTION TO REGRESSION ANALYSIS CONCLUSION In a data set of bivariate distribution, there present a set of pairs of observations where each pair of the observations is expressed with numerical values of two variables. Telling alternatively, the bivariate distribution is intended in finding or analyzing relationship between two variables under study. In any scientific studies, the basic interest of the researchers is to find out the possible co-movement of two or more than variables under study. In the process of co-movement determination, there exist two important statistical tools popularly called as correlation analysis and regression analysis. Correlation analysis simply, is a measure of association between two or more variables under study. Where as regression analysis examine the nature or direction of association between two variables. Regression analysis is analyzed by classifying the variables in two classes like the dependent variables and the independent variables. Thus it tries to estimate the average value of one variable (dependent variable) from the given value of the other variable(s) (i.e., independent variables). Where as, the condition of correlation analysis is exactly the contrast of the regression analysis. In such a case the basic focus of the researcher is on measurement of the strength of relationship between the variables. In other wards the correlation analysis measures the depth of relationship between two variables where as the regression analysis measures the width of the relationship between the variables. Again in regression analysis, the dependent variables are considered as random or stochastic and the independent variable(s) are assumed to be fixed or non-random. But in the correlation analysis all the variables are treated as symmentric and hence are considered as random. INTRODUCTION TO CORRELATION ANALYSIS The magnitude of association or relationship between the two variables can be measured by calculating correlation. Correlation analysis can be defined as a quantative measure of strength of relationship that exists between two variables. There are four types of relationship that may exists between two variables. They are: Positive correlation Negative correlation Linear correlation and Non-linear correlation. 1. Positive correlation: Two variables are said to be positively correlated when the movement of the one variable lead to the movement of the other variable in the same direction. In other wards there exists direct relationship between the two variables. For example, the relationship between height of the human being to their corresponding weight, income of the person with expenditure, price of the commodities and supply of the commodity etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable leads to the increase (or decrease) in the value of corresponding other variable. The nature of positive relationship between the two variables can also be shown graphically. If the data are inserted in two axis of a graph paper, then one will find an upward trend rising from the lower left hand corner of the graph paper and spreading upward upto the upper right hand corner. One can imagine the supply curve as explained in the economic theory. 2. Negative correlation: On the other hand, correlation between two variables is said to be negative when the movement of one variable leads to the movement in the other variable in the opposite direction. Here there exists inverse relationship between the two variables. For example, volume and pressure of perfect gas, income and expenditure on food items (Engels law), change in price and quantity demanded of necessary goods () etc. In all such cases increase (or decrease) in the value of one variable causes corresponding decrease (or increase) in the value of other variable. In case of negative correlation between two variables, one will find downward trend from the upper left hand corner of the graph paper to towards x-axis. One can imagine the demand curve as explained in the economic theory. 3. Linear correlation: The correlation between two variables is said to be linear where the points when drawn is a graph represents a straight line. Considering two variables X andY, a straight line equation can be as where ___ are represented in real numbers. By using the above formula, with the constant values of ___ and different values of X and Y when plotted in a graph sheet, one will get a straight line. The linear relationship between two varoibales can be interpreted as the change in one unit of one variable (let X) results in the corresponding change in the other variable (let Y) in a fixed proportion. Thus when the above values of X and Y are represented in graph one will get a straight line. This type of relationship between two variables where a unit change in one variable (X here), the other variable (Y) will change in a constant proportion. However such relations are rarely exists in case of management and social disciplines. 4. Non-linear correlation: A relationship between two variables is said to be non-linear if a unit change in one variable causes the other variable to change in fluctuations. In other wards, if X is changed then corresponding values of Y will not change in the same proportion. Hence when data of X and Y when plotted in a graph paper one will not get a straight line rather a polynomial. The equation of getting such relationship is There can be also instances where there does not exist any relationship between two variables i.e., no correlation can be found between two variables. Such relationship is called as no correlation. For instance, one wants to compare the growth of population in India with that of road accidents in United States. Such types of relations dont exist logically. Hence correlation between such relations is said to be nil. METHODS OF MEASURING CORRELATION: Correlation between two variables can be measured by following ways. The Graphical method (through Scatter Diagram) Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation 1. The Graphical Method: The correlation can be graphically shown by using scatter diagrams. Scatter diagrams reveals two important useful information. Firstly, through this diagram, one can observe the patterns between two variables which indicate whether there exists some association between the variables or not. Secondly, if an association between the variables is found, then it can be easily identified regarding the nature of relationship between the two (whether two variables are linearly related or non-linearly related). 2. Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation Karl Persons coefficient of correlation (developed in 1986) measures linear relationship between two variables under study. Since the relationship is expressed is linear, hence, two variables change in a fixed proportion. This measure provides the answer of the degree of relationship in real number, independent of the units in which the variables have been expressed, and also indicates the direction of the correlation. It is known that ____ as an absolute value for determining correlation between two variables. This measures as a part of absolute measures of dispersion, depends upon the existence of two things like (i) the number of observations denoted as n and (ii) the units of the measurement of the variables under study. The above relationship is explained by assuming that there is a data set which consists of two variables X and Y i.e., in terms of relationship it is denoted as (Xi , Yi) where I = 1, 2, 3,..,n. Assumed mean method: The assumed mean method for calculation of coefficient of correlation can be used when the data size is large and it will be difficult on the part of the researcher to calculate the mean of the series by using the direct method. In such case, a value from the series is assumed as mean and the deviations are calculated from the actual data to that of the assumed mean i.e., if, X and Y are two series of observation than are the deviation values of variable X and Y respectively. That is, , where, L and K are the assumed mean of series X and Y respectively. The formula for calculating Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation. The above methods derived to calculate the coefficient of correlation cannot be used to calculate the correlation between the two variables when the series of observations are in grouped forms i.e., with frequency distribution. In such a case, the formula for calculating Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation is: Assumptions of coefficient of correlation: The Karl Persons coefficient of correlation can be best derived with some assumptions. Following are some assumptions on which the validity of the coefficient resides. 1. The value of the coefficient of correlation lies between -1 (minus one) to +1 (plus one). When two values considered in a study are no way related with each other, then one can take for granted that the value of the coefficient of correlation is zero (0). On the other hand, if there exists relationship between two variables, it implies that all points on the scatter diagram fall on the straight line, then the value of correlation coefficient (rXY) is either extend upto +1 or -1, of course depending on the nature of direction of the straight line. It will be positive when the slope of the line is positive and it will be negative when the slope of the line is negative. Telling alternatively, if both the variables X and Y are related directly with each other than the value of the coefficient of correlation will be definitely positive. On the other hand, if there exist inverse relationship between the two values then the value of the coefficient will be negative. 2. The value of the coefficient of correlation is independent of the change of origin and change of scale of measurement. To prove this assumption, we have change the origin and scale of both the variables. When there will be change in origin and scale of the two values X and Y, the new equation will be where A and B used in the above formulas are constraints and measures change in origin and constraints p and l used in the formulas denotes change in scale. Simplifying the above equations reveals that. RANK CORRELATION COEFFICIENT: In research, no one can predict the nature of data. The information that is collected from the respondents may be expressed in numbers or may be in qualitative way or quite often they may be expressed in form of ranks. The greatest disadvantage of the Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation is that, it best works when the data is expressed in numbers. On the other hand, Karl Pearsons coefficient of correlation, as discussed above, best works when the nature of the data is quantitative or expressed in numbers. Generally, when the nature of data is expressed in qualitative form like honest, good, best, average, excellent, efficiency, etc., and/or the data is expressed only in ranks, one has to apply the Spearmans method of rank differences for finding out the degree of correlation. There are three different situations of applying the Spearmans rank correlation coefficient. When ranks of both the variables are given When ranks of both the variables are not given and When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal Each case derived above can be estimated by using separate formulas. a. When ranks of both the variables are given This is the simplest type of calculating correlation between two series. Here is the case where ranks of both the series are given and no two observations in a series are awarded same rank. The formula is where RXY denotes coefficient of rank correlation between two series of observations X and Y d is the difference between the two ranks and n is the number of observations in the series While calculating RXY, one has to arrange the given observations in a sequence. Then the difference in ranks i.e., d is to be calculated. The result shows a positive correlation between the judgments revealed by both the judges. However, since the value is not so close towards 1, hence, it can be said that there exists moderate relationship between the ranks assigned by both he judges. b. When ranks of both the variables are not given There may be certain situations where the rank of the both the series are not given. In such cases, each observation in the series is to be ranked first. The selection of highest value depends on the researcher. In other wards, either the highest value or the lowest value will be ranked 1 (one) depends upon the decision of the researcher. After the ranking of the variables, then d and d2 are calculated and the above formula can be applied. Following example will make the concept clear. The result shows a positive degree of correlation between the grade point average and total marks obtained by the students. c. When ranks between two or more observations in a series are equal In empirical analysis, there is possibility of assigning same ranks to two or more observations. On the other hand, while ranking observations, there may be some situations where more than one observations are assigned equal ranks. Here, the ranks to be assigned to each observation are an average of the ranks which these observations would have got, if they differed from each other. For example, if two observations are ranked equal at 6th place. If we would rank separately to both these observations, than one will get 6 and the other will get 7. Thus the rank of both the observations will be (6+7)/2= 13/2= 6.5. Now the new ranks of the series who assigned 6 each will be 6.5 each. Similarly, there may be possibility that more than two observations of a series may be ranked equal. Here also the same technique of averaging as derived above is applied to get the new ranks of the observations. The formula for calculating the rank coefficient of correlation in case of equal ranks case is a little bit different form the formula already derived above. It is where d difference between ranks of two series and mi (i= 1, 2, 3, ..) denotes the number of observations in which the ranks are repeated in a series of observations. The example derived below will make the concept clearer. Interpretation of results of rank coefficient correlation: If the value of rank correlation coefficient RXY is greater than 1 (RXY >1), this implies that one set of data series is positively and directly related with the ranks with the other set of data series. In other wards, both the set of observations are directly related. Hence, a observation in one series definitely scores almost same rank in the other series. Where as, f the result of rank coefficient of correlation (RXY) is found to be less than zero (RXY On the other condition, let that the value of rank correlation coefficient will be exactly +1 i.e., (RXY = +1). Then it can be said that, there exists exactly perfect correlation between the two series of observations. Here each observation in both the series get exactly equal ranks. Where as, if rank correlation is -1 (RXY = -1), implies there exists exactly negative correlation between the ranks of two series. The possibility in such cases is such that, a observation which gets highest rank in one series is getting lowest rank in the other series. The last possibility is that of rank coefficient correlation is 0 i.e., (RXY = 0), implies that there do not exist any relation between ranks of both the series of observations. LINEAR REGRESSION ANALYSIS: When it is estimated by using the methods of correlation that two variables (or data series) are correlated with other and it is also tested that expression of such relationship between the considered variables are theoretical permissible, then the next step in the process of analysis is of predicting and/or estimating the value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. This task, in econometrics literature is called as regression analyses. Literary, the word regression means a backward movement. In general sense, regression means the estimation and/or prediction of the unknown value of one variable from the known value of the other variable. Hence, it is a study of the dependence of one variable on other variable(s). Prediction or estimation of the relationship between two or more variables is one of the major discussion areas in all most all the branches of knowledge where human activity is involved. Regression, as one of the most important econometric tools is extensively used in all most all branches of knowledge like may be in natural sciences, in social sciences and also in physical sciences. But by virtue of the vary nature of most of the branches of social sciences (like economics, commerce, etc.) and business environment, the basic concern in these disciplines is to establish an econometric (or statistical) relationship between the variables rather than getting an exact mathematical relationship (core analysis tool used in natural sciences). For this reason, if, one could able to establish some kind of relationship between two variables (where one variable is considered as dependent variable and other variable(s) are considered as independent variables), then it can be expected that half of the existing purpose is almost solved. The credit for the development of this technique at first lies with Sir Francis Galton in the year 1877. Galton used this word for the first time in his study where he had estimated the relationship between heights of fathers and sons. This study ended with a conclusion that there is more possibility of having tall fathers with tall sons and vive versa. Again it also observed that, the mean height of sons of tall fathers was lower than the mean height of their fathers and the mean height of sons of short fathers was higher than the mean height of their fathers. This study was published by Galton through his research paper Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature. Regression as a tool: Econometricians use regression analysis to make quantitative estimates of various theoretical relationships exists in the literature of social sciences and management, which previously have been completely theoretical in nature. For example, the famous demand theory of economics says that the quantity demanded of a product will increase when there is reduction in the price of the commodity and vice versa, of course with an assumption that the impact of other things being constant. Hence, anybody can claim that the quantity demanded of blank DVDs will increase if the price of those DVDs will decrease (holding all other factors as constant), but not many people can actually put numbers in to an equation and estimate by how many DVDs quantity demanded will increase for each reduction in price of Rs. 1/-. To predict the direction of the change, one needs knowledge of economic theory and the general characteristics of the product in question (as the derived example is related to one of th e economic theory). However, to predict the amount of the change, along with the data set, one needs a way to estimate the relationship. The most frequently used method to estimate such a relationship in econometrics is regression analysis. As already discussed above, regression analysis describes the dependence of one variable on another or more variables. It is now important to classify the terms dependent and independent variables that are the core of analysis of regression. Dependent Variables and Independent Variables Regression analysis, is a statistical technique that attempts to explain movements in one variable, the dependent variable, as a function of movements in a set of other variables, called the independent (or explanatory) variables, through the quantification of a single equation. To make this concept clearer, let us start our discussion by considering a simple example of generalized demand function of economic theory. The equation (1) derives a functional relationship between six factors (as in the right hand side of the equation) with one variable (as in the left hand side of the equation). In other wards, theoretically, quantity demanded (Qd) of a good or service depends on the six factors like the price of the good itself, money income of the consumer, prices of related goods, expected future price of the product itself, taste pattern of the consumers and the numbers of consumers in the market. In equation (1), quantity demanded is the dependent variable and the other six variables are independent variables. Much of economics and business is concerned with cause-and-effect propositions: If the price of a good increases by one unit, then the quantity demanded decreases on average by a certain amount, depending on the price elasticity of demand (defined as the percentage change in the quantity demanded that is caused by a one percent change in price). Propositions such as these pose an if-then, or causal, relationship that logically postulates a dependent variable (Qd in our example) having movements that are causally determined by movements in a number of specified independent variables (six factors discussed above). The Linear Regression Model: In the regression model, Y is always represented for dependent variable and X is always represented for the independent variable. Here are three equivalent ways to mathematically describe a linear regression model. The simplest single-equation linear regression model can be written as: The above equation states that Y, the dependent variable, is a single-equation linear function of variable X, the independent variable. The model is a single-equation model because no equation for X as a function of Y (or any other variable) has been specified. The model is linear because it expresses the relationship of a straight line and if plotted on graph paper, it would be a straight line rather than a curve. The constants expressed in the equation are the coefficients (or parameters) that determine the coordinates of the straight line at any point. in the equation is the constant or intercept term; it indicates the value of Y when X equals zero. Thus it is the point on the y-axis where the regression line would intercept the y-axis. Where as, in the equation is the slope coefficient, and it indicates the amount that Y will change when X changes by one unit. Figure 1.1 illustrates the relationship between the coefficients and the graphical meaning of the regression equation. As can be seen from the diagram, equation 1.3 is indeed linear. The slope, , shows the response of Y to change in X. Since being able to explain and predict changes in the dependent variable is the essential reason for quantifying behavioral relationships, most of the emphasis in regression analysis is on slope coefficients such as . In figure 1.1 for example, if X were to increase from X1 to X2, the value of Y in Equation 1.3 would increase from Y1 to Y2. for linear ( i.e., straight-line ) regression models, the response in the predicted value of Y due to a change in X is constant and equal to the slope coefficient: We must distinguish between an equation that is linear in the variables and one that is linear in the coefficients (or parameters. This distinction is necessary because while linear regressions need to be linear in the coefficients, they do not necessarily need to be linear in the variables. An equation is linear in the variables if plotting the fuction in terms of X and Y genereates a straight line. An equation is linear in the coefficients (or parameters) only if the coefficients (the ) appear in their simplest from à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" they are not raised to any powers (other than one), are not multiplied or dived by other coefficients, and do not themselves include some sort of function (like logs or exponents). For example, Equation 1.3 is linear in the coefficients, but equation 1.5: Is not linear in the coefficients and Equation 1.5 is not linear because there is no rearrangement of the equation that will make it linear in the of original interest, and . In fact, of all possible equations for a single explanatory variable, only functions of the general from: are linear in the coefficients and .In essence, any sort of configuration of the Xs and Ys can be used and the equation will continue to be linear in the coefficients. However, even a slight change in the configuration of the will cause the equation to become nonlinear in the coefficients. For example, equation 1.4 is not linear in the variables but is linear in the coefficients. The reason that Equation 1.4 is linear in the coefficients is that if you define f(X) = X2, Equation 1.4 fits into the general form of Equation 1.6. All this is important because if linear regression techniques are going to be applied to an equation, that equation must be linear in the coefficients. Linear regression analysis can be applied to an equation that is nonlinear in the variables if the equation can econometricians use the phrase linear regression, they usually mean regression that use the phrase linear regression, they usually mean regression that is linear in the coefficients. The application of regression techniques to equations that are nonlinear in the coefficients will be discussed in section7.6.

Essay --

When you dial 911 for an emergency, the outcome may very well depend on the 411 – the quality of information available on your condition and ways to treat it. Everybody will experience an Emergency Room visit at some point in their life, go through the extensive admittance process and will be expected to wait for a considerable amount of time before they get treated. The treatment might not come right away depending on the severity of the injury. But have you ever wondered why this always happens? It is obvious that hospitals are always busy; you’ll see nurses always running around and hear doctors’ names being called on the PA, all of this caused by the endless amount of people that get admitted every second of the day. What people aren’t aware of is that there’s an uprising problem that’s present throughout the whole healthcare system. The healthcare industry generates massive amounts of data every day, part of which is sourced and document ed from ancient times. Not every bit of information generated has been in a format readily understood by people in the medical field. To help better acquire, document and understand this information, and to create practical guidelines and applications in today’s healthcare industry, Health Informatics has been created as a discipline. Many medical informatics systems have been developed for maintaining patient records in the doctor’s offices, clinics, and individual hospitals, and in many instances systems have been developed for distributing information among multiple hospitals and agencies. But much remains to be done to make such information systems maximally useful, issues surrounding confidentiality and ethics plus the lack of funds and training pose as the biggest challenges. The advance... ...tics to Improve Environmental Health Practice† published in the Journal of Environmental Health, asserts that the Environmental Health Specialists Network Information System (EHSNIS) program has been implemented by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention’s National Center for Environmental Health to serve as a model of how health informatics would translate into the health environmental field. The EHSNIS’ main purpose is to accumulate data from numerous areas to track of a potential â€Å"foodborne and water-borne illness outbreak† (44). On the local to global scale an integrated informatics system would enable health professionals to detect and track natural health emergencies. More importantly this emphasizes on how the collaboration of two different organizations in making of an informatics system that could detect of a potential outbreak should serve as a model

Charles Chocolates Case Essay

In March of 2012 Steve Parkland was hired as the new president at Charles Chocolates. He was immediately faced with numerous decisions about the future of the company. The board of directors had tasked Parkland with doubling or tripling the size of the company over the next decade, but the board and the senior management team had different opinions about the strategy that would accomplish this goal. The main issues that Parkland faced were how to increase the company’s operations while maintaining the traditional culture and support of the board. The premium chocolate industry is a large market in the United States and continues to grow around 10% annually. It is also populated with very strong competitors both internationally, with companies like Godiva (Nestle), and local companies like Delice. Both competitors are priced higher than Charles and have higher sales. This is most likely because Godiva and Delice have modern trendy packaging for their products. The number and strength of competitors means that buyers have very high bargaining power, but it also means that the threat of new entrants is low because it is hard to gain a piece of a market saturated with such powerful players. The majority of the suppliers to the chocolate industry sell commodity products whose price is set by the market and their power and influence is low. There are numerous substitute products for affluent customers’, confections and pastries being the most significant, but chocolate will always be a stable product so it is a medium level threat. To compete in such a challenging industry Parkland needs to revitalize the company’s packaging and its marketing campaign. New packing is an ideal way to begin because it demonstrates the changes that will be taking place in following years without compromising the company’s heritage or corporate culture. Charles’ current marketing strategy strongly targets the local community which it already has a strong presence in. Charles needs to increase its marketing to the tourist community. The advertisements should follow industry trends for use of ethically responsible ingredients to produce the highest quality chocolates. In order to attract and keep the new, non-local, customer base Parkland needs to increase Charles online presences and sales channels. This is a low risk, low cost opportunity with the potential for large growth in new geographical areas. If Parkland wants to achieve the aggressive growth that the board desires his ability to improve the capabilities and the operations of the company will be one of his greatest barriers. Due to the affluent nature of the customers and the possible variety in the product Parkland should focus on improving the company’s organizational capabilities. A new plant will eventually be needed but that decision can be delayed if Charles can streamline its operations. Parkland needs to institute policies that will measure productivity and develop an accurate method of forecasting sales. This will result in lower inventory carrying costs, fewer out of stock issues, and fewer backorders that need to be filled. If Charles can reduce the number of back orders and out-of-stock products it can focus on a single product line at a time which will reduce the frequency of expensive switching costs. There are many other growth opportunities that Parkland may pursue in the future. He may wish to grow the Sandwich Heaven segment of the business, growing the corporate connections of the company, and expanding into other physical locations in the states. These are all viable options for the future but the ones listed above are the best for Charles’ current situation. By improving packaging, marketing, online sales, and internal organizational capabilities the company can grow significantly without large changes to the tradition of the company and without taking on too much additional risk.

Biology2 essays

Biology2 essays Every organism at one time or another has to learn to adapt to a new environment. This is why evolution of organism is needed in order to survive changes to its environment, such as the case of the flightless birds. For one reason or another over a period of 100,000 years the need for wings was unnecessary to their survival. There could be many reasons why the birds evolved to be more adaptable to their environment. A small population of birds would have to replenish and start a new population. In all populations there are great reproductive potential to replace numbers and expand the number of population. After their population grew there would be a leveling off of the population once it reached a stable size. The birds' population would become stable due a lack of food to support every bird in the population, along with predators helped to contribute to keeping the population stable. After being on the island a while the birds' population would start showing a variation in differen t traits. Such things as color, wing size and overall size may vary, due to predators and the terrain of the environment. Eventually the birds evolved to the point where the use of their wings was no longer needed, as a necessity to survive. The adaptation could have been because flying itself took to much energy, so to conserve food they didn't fly too much. The bird's food also could have been close to the ground and there was no need to really fly. Another thing could have been that it was hard for predators to catch the birds if they stayed in think under brush or traveled along the ground. For whatever reason the birds didn't need their wings this trait was passed of from generation to generation. The reason this trait was passed on was because it helped the survival of these individual birds. They were able to reproduce and pass these traits through heredity. ...

Slaughter House Audit Essay Example

Slaughter House Audit Essay Example Slaughter House Audit Essay Slaughter House Audit Essay Oyo State, Nigeria. Ogbomoso is the second largest city in Oyo state after the state capital, Ibadan . Ogbomoso is the administrative headquaters of both Ogbomoso North and South Local Governments. It is situated 57 kilometers SouthWest of Ilorin, the capital of Kwara state, 104 kilometers North of Ibadan and 58 kilometers North –West of Osogbo, the capital of Osun state. The popular Atanda abattoir was chosen for the study with the large expanse of built up area comprising of low, medium and high housing densities. Majority of residents are civil servants and traders. The abattoir harbors meat shops where slaughtered meat is sold. There are two wells within the slaughter area. The abattoir is surrounded at the south with residential developments and in the north by office complex and west and east by school and shops respectively. The abattoir is about 200meters from the main road (Ibadan-Ilorin road). METHODOLOGY Data for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source was through two sets of structured questionnaire. One set was designed for the abattoir users to obtain information on ownership, year of establishment, available facilities in the abattoir, average number of cows killed per day, abattoir staff strength, operation and activities, waste disposal methods employed, and other abattoir management issues. The other set was designed for the residents to address the resident’s characteristics: age, sex, household size, marital status, effect of the abattoir on their environmental conditions, water quality especially for residents with well as source of water supply. Few questions were asked on their health history and life style, for example, do you smoke? A positive answer may interfere with findings on effect of abattoir on residents’ health. The second section of the questionnaire listed several symptoms that may be associated with abattoir or possibly related to air borne emission from abattoir activities or pollutants. Symptoms that are not related were also included as a check. Respondents were requested to report frequency of symptoms, whether very often, often, occasionally or never. In the residential area around the abattoir, residents in buildings approximately 100meters from the abattoir were randomly selected for questionnaire administration. In all, 95 residents were randomly selected. The secondary source was through relevant past studies, magazines and journals. The information collected was analyzed based on frequency, chi-square and correlation statistics. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The investigation carried out revealed that the abattoir had been in operation for more than thirty years. The slaughter slab provided in the abattoir is covered to provide shield from elements of weather. It is not fenced. On scale of operation, average numbers of fifteen cows are slaughtered daily in the abattoir. The cows are usually brought from the cattle ranch or cattle market which is located about one kilometer away from the abattoir. The movement of the cows through the neighborhood street from the cattle ranch to the abattoir is among the nuisance reported by residents that the abattoir location in their neighborhood constituted. There is usually traffic 124 hold-up along the abattoir street every morning when cows are being taken to abattoir for slaughter from the cattle ranchmarket. The method of killing of cattle in the abattoir is the traditional method of slaughtering at the slaughter slab after inspection by the health officers. Deep wells are the source of water supply for the abattoir. Carcasses are cut up and sold to prospective buyers in the abutting meat shops. Waste generated in the abattoir include: bones, blood and dung. There is no special waste disposal system or treatment. Dung is piled up and waste water containing blood and dung are discharged into a nearby stream without treatment. This resulted into pollution of surface and underground water especially of the abattoir and residents in the abattoir vicinity. Bones and hooves collected in the abattoir were burnt at the abattoir site causing smoke and air pollution. From the result of the survey on characteristics of the respondents, (Table 1) sixty percent of the respondents were female. Fifty five percent of the respondents are married and seventy two percent are tenants while forty five percent of the respondents have lived more than five years in the neighborhood. Fifty three percent of the respondents are employed outside of the home but eighty three percent spent average of ten hours daily at home. On the household size of the respondents, forty seven percent falls within 3-4 household size. Ninety eighty percent of the respondents were fully aware of the abattoir’s closeness to their residents. However, ninety nine percent reported that they met the abattoir in the area when they moved in to their present houses. Eighty two percent of the respondents do not smoke. The source of drinking water for the majority is deep well; sixty eight percent of the respondents depend on well water. Ninety four percent of the respondents revealed that the abattoir in their area constitutes a nuisance to them and fifty eighty percent reported contamination of their wells with abattoir effluent. Bad odour from the abattoir was reported to constitute air quality impairment by thirteen percent of the respondents. Ninety eight percent of the respondents reported that the bad odour limits children outdoor recreation, affects breathing, causes respiratory ailment and prevents opening of windows especially in abattoir direction. Ninety four percent also reported the incidence of flies and insects in high number due to the abattoir location. The microbial test carried out on samples of water collected from the abattoir Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI and resident’s wells indicated pollution of water quality. Result revealed the contamination of water by waste from the abattoir with a total of sixty six organisms belonging to seven different genera of public health importance isolated from the samples. The presence of these organisms in the wells that serve as a source of domestic water supply to the neighbourhood is a significant health risk. Residents whose source of water is well also confirmed notice of contamination of their wells with abattoir effluent. The effect of abattoir pollutants on air quality was easily perceived and reported by respondents. Over seven three percent reported disturbance of bad odour from the abattoir. They reported that it limited children outdoor recreation. Another effect reported was the contamination of food items of residents in abattoir vicinity by flies and insects; flies and mosquitoes were in abnormal rate. These insects and flies were reported to be attracted to the area by abattoir waste. Other limitations imposed on residents in abattoir vicinity by abattoir nuisance are noise pollution from the abattoir, inability to open windows in the direction of the abattoir and prevention of normal breathing. Forty three percent reported interference of odour with their breathing. Fifty eight percent were willing to relocate from the area because of the negative effects of the abattoir On effect of abattoir activities on health of respondents, studies cited previously have reported elevation of some symptoms among residents of intensive livestock operations (Wing and Wolf 2000). In this study, headache, excessive coughing, shortness of breath, heart burn, diarrhea dysentery, general body weakness, fever and typhoid fever were reported to be elevated generally among residents in abattoir vicinity (SPSS output). Results indicated the symptoms experienced at least often by residents in abattoir vicinity to include excessive coughing, typhoid fever, shortness of breath, diarrhea, fever and muscle pain. The test of significance of these prevalent symptoms (statistical method-SPSS output) indicated possible association with battoir activities. However, biases are issues in any survey. It is possible for respondents to have reported occurrence of more symptoms because of their personal feelings about the negative impact of the abattoir operation in their area. However, this was observed to be limited or not to have been done as some symptoms not related to abattoir activities included in the questions to check this excess indicated lowest occurrence. THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 125 Cholera, asthma and pneumonia were expected to be among physical health symptoms to be elevated among respondents in abattoir vicinity, as they are associated with abattoir activities. However the case was otherwise in the study. Results however showed that pollutants from abattoir activities have direct and indirect effects on human and the local built environment, especially those in close proximity to abattoir. However, weather condition at the time surveys were being carried out could have influenced findings. Some respondents reported that the negative effects are more severe during dry season than presently. Study was not able to evaluate levels of impact on residents within the same area but at different distance to abattoir. There is possibility of different level of effect because of differences in distance, building orientation or elevations, direction, physical barrier and amount of time spent at home. Study was also not able to evaluate health impact on specific population group. Such groups include children, aged, and asthmatic patients. There may be possibility of different group being affected differently by abattoir activities. These are possible areas of future inquiry. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The study revealed that abattoir activities and management have direct and indirect effects on the built-up environment and health of people especially residents in abattoir vicinity. The study indicated negative impact of abattoir activities on air and water qualities of residents within abattoir vicinity especially abattoir where special or effective waste disposal system is not practiced. The health quality of residents living in abattoir vicinity was revealed to be reduced due to effect of pollutants from abattoir activities located in their neighbourhood. It was noted that children outdoor recreation in abattoir vicinity was also limited. Therefore, there is need to control abattoir as strictly as industries have been controlled in matter of location and management in Nigeria. Abattoir should be excluded from facilities to be located within residential neighbourhood. It should be included and treated as among industrial land use or agricultural land use. For abattoir planning and construction, regulations controlling the movement and slaughter of live stocks, the availability of service and staff in abattoirs should be made. For large battoir, provision should be made for separate livestock market for sheep, goat and cattle, fresh water pumping station or storage and waste treatment plant. The abattoir management system should include a waste management plan designed for abattoir operation Legislative measures are also necessary. Laws and rules on zoning, land use, and waste regulation to control the location and management of abattoi rs should be made. The government should enforce existing laws related to abattoir and new ones. Design criteria and siting restriction which include setbacks from neighbours and buffer must be specified. Measures to protect against encroachment into buffer by property developers should be provided. Rules requiring odour abatement plans and provision of environmental impact assessment for abattoirs should be enforced. Licensing of abattoir, certification of all operators as well as training of employees involved in abattoir activities should be made. In addition, public awareness and enlightment on possible impact of pollution from abattoir wastes should be embarked upon by relevant agencies and public participation to be included in the development of policies for abattoir management. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors acknowledge Mr Adewale Adelowo ,department of Pure and Applied Biology, LAUTECH, Ogbomoso for assisting on microbial test on water samples and providing the interpretation and implication REFERENCES Abattoir Acts 1988. Retrieved 2003 from http//www. Irishstatutebook. i. e/1988/en/act/pub/0008/index. html Carolyn CB, Buckhouse JC 1985. Coliforms Are Indicators of Water Quality in Wild land Streams. Journal of Soil Water Conservation, 40: 95-97. Cooper RN, Hoodle JR, Russel JM 1979. Characteristics and Treatment of Slaughter House Effluent in New Zealand. Prog Water Technology, 11: 55-68. Edwards E, Hector OA. , Norman GA, Silverside D 1979. Slaughter Facilities for Tropical Conditions: A Guide to the Selection and Costing of Appropriate Systems. London: Tropical Product Institute. Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2005. Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy. Forster Robert 2005. Meat Parking Industry. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard. George RH 1987. Agricult ural Chemicals and Ground 126 Water-Extent and Implications. American Journal of Alt Agric, 2: 3-13. Jode Loverdo, Martel H, Mallet J. 1906. Les Abattoirs Publics, H. Dunod et E. Pinat, Editeurs, Paris. Merrington G, Winder L, Parkinson R, Redman M 1984. Agricultural Pollution: Environmental Problems and Practical Solutions. London. Taylor Francis (Spon Press). Oyedemi DTA 2000. The Impact of Abattoir Location and Management on Surrounding residents in Ibadan, Nigeria. M. Tech. Thesis (unpublished), LAUTECH, Ogbomoso. Raymond C L 1977. Pollution Control for Agriculture. New York: Academic Press Inc. Y. O. BELLO AND D. T. A. OYEDEMI Sangodoyin AY, Agbawhe OM 1992. Environmental Study on Surface and Ground Water Pollutants from Abattoir Effluents. Bioresource Technology, 41:193200. Elsevier Science publishers Ltd. Great Britain. Sridhar MKC 1988. Government/Private Sector Partnership. Effective Tool for Solid Waste Evacuation and Management. In: A Tokun, AA Adegbola (Eds. ): Proceedings of the Workshop on Engineering Development and the Environment. Nigeria: Prost Publishing, pp. 41-50. Tove S 1985. Slaughter House Cleaning and Sanitation. Animal Product and Health. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. Paper No 53. New York: UN. THE IMPACT OF ABATTOIR ACTIVITIES AND MANAGEMENT IN RESIDENTIAL NEIGHBOURHOODS 127 APPENDIX Table 1: Characteristics of the respondents and their answers to abattoir activities Characteristics Sexmale female Frequency (percentage) 40 60 Characteristics Age10-18 19-40 41-60

Functions of Unions in Modern Australian Industrial Relations Research Paper

Functions of Unions in Modern Australian Industrial Relations - Research Paper Example The formal amendments in the formation of industrial relations have also been escorted by dramatic shifts in the organization and operation of trade unions (Hawke and Wooden, 1998, pp. 74-76). Trade union membership has dropped down from around 50 percent of the labor force in the mid of 1970 to 31 percent by 1996. Trade union formations have also altered. Ten years ago there were above 300 different trade unions, most of which were too small and occupational- or craft-based. Today, only some of these small craft-based unions still subsist. Union membership is now focused in a handful of huge industry and multi-industry unions. Another demonstration of the varying nature of industrial relations arrangement in Australia has been the fall in the rate of trade union membership. The union members symbolized more than half the total labor force during the mid-1970s. Since then, the ratio has fallen by about nineteen percentage points (Bodman, 1996). Trade union formation has also been put through vast change. To a certain extent in response to the turn down in membership, the trade union group has vigorously followed a policy of incorporations and rationalization (Leigh, 2004, p.174). Australian Bureau of Statistics values specifies that in 1970 there were 347 vigorous trade unions in Australia and by 1990 this figure was changed to 299. Over the succeeding six years, however, this figure fell dramatically and found to be only 132 at 30 June 1996. Moreover, only 46 of these unions were enrolled under the Federal Industrial Relations Reform Act. Union Reaction to Change All through this century, the primary objective of trade unions has been quite straightforward, that is, to get improved remuneration and stipulations for its membership. In attaining this objective, the union movement arranges and found support in three major macroeconomic policies - centralized remuneration determination, protectionism and essential mediation, and the White Australia immigration policy - all of which assisted to protect the labor market from the vagaries of the market, and particularly foreign markets. By the end of the twentieth century, however, the union movement emerges to have identified that Australia can no more afford not to consider of itself as a fundamental part of the world economy. To do so will inexorably mean declining living standards corresponding to the rest of the world. This has been echoed in a vigilant shift in policy away from conventional 'laborism' towards what has turned out to be known as strategic unionism.

Forensic Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Forensic Medicine - Essay Example It entails relation with the observations and the doctors are the primary witnesses and they are required to give their opinions based on truth and without any bias towards the side they are representing. Medical confidentiality can raise conflicts between law and medicine (Forensic-Medecine.info, n.d.). Forensic medicine is an important area of forensic science and it involves the application of medical knowledge to civil and criminal law. The areas of medicine that are used in forensic medicine are pathology, psychiatry, and anatomy. Forensic medicine is involved in cases such as those concerning mental illness, blood relationship, death resulting from violence, and injury. Autopsy is basically used in the determination of the cause of death (such as poison or gunshot wound) specifically in situations where it is suspected there was foul play. Post-mortem examination can also provide important information such as the length of time a person has been dead (the information can assist in tracing the killing) (Forensic-Medecine.info, n.d.). Every minute a number of people are either injured in a crime or are killed under unknown circumstances. The determination of the cause of the injury or death is sometimes very difficult especially when a foul play is suspected to have happened. Forensic medicine has come in handy to assist in the investigation of the type of crime and manner used in inflicting injury and the cause of death. Forensic medicine is an exhilarating subject since it offers the investigator in this case a forensic pathologist to explore the mechanisms and manner of death of the victim in question. It has also assisted in solving rape cases and a number of court cases that involved the death of the victim in question. In simple times, forensic medicine can be equated to the application of medicine in the legal field. The relationship between law and medicine started in the early periods and the bonds which united